Spiritual Evidence Map
← Sources
Philosophy referenceprimarycontextVerified

Religious Experience

Mark Webb · 2022 · Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Spiritual Evidence Map/Last updated May 10, 2026/Claims v1.0.0-provisional/Sources v1.0.0/Scores provisional
Citation dossier

This source is used as context evidence across 6 linked claims and 6 related evidence hubs. Its citation record is marked verified; that verifies the source trail, not the truth of any linked claim.

Source type
Philosophy reference
Map role
context
Claim links
6
Direct access
Recorded

Summary

Surveys philosophical analysis of religious experience, including perceptual models, defeaters, diversity of reports, mystical experience, and whether first-person experience can count as evidence.

How this source is used on the map

Academic frame for first-person mystical and psychedelic experience reports, especially when users ask whether an experience can justify a metaphysical belief.

Citation record

Authors
Mark Webb
Year
2022
Publication
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source type
Philosophy reference
Map role
context
Credibility level
primary
Citation status
Verified
DOI
Not recorded
PubMed
Not recorded
PDF
Not recorded

Linked claims

Evidence score 2/10
Angels — superhuman benevolent intermediary beings

A central concept across the Abrahamic religions and beyond, with personal-encounter reports throughout history. Direct evidence essentially zero; the modern guardian-angel and angel-number reading is the weakest part.

Evidence score 6/10
Enlightenment / awakening

Buddhist bodhi, Hindu moksha, Christian unitive states, Sufi fana — a remarkably consistent endpoint described across traditions, with growing neuroscience confirmation. The 'what it actually is' is the open question.

Evidence score 7/10
Meditation can reveal non-dual awareness

Reports of self-less, choiceless awareness are remarkably consistent across traditions and now well-documented in contemplative neuroscience.

Evidence score 2/10
Miracles — divine suspensions of natural law

Reported across every religious tradition. A small number of well-documented unexplained cures (Lourdes Medical Bureau) survive scrutiny; the inference to 'divine action' is a separate, much larger step.

Evidence score 6/10
Out-of-body experiences (OBE / astral projection)

OBEs are reliably triggered by temporo-parietal junction stimulation and certain drug states; veridical perception is rare and contested. 'Astral projection' is the same phenomenon read maximally — as literal travel through an astral plane — with no independent evidence beyond the OBE itself.

Evidence score 4/10
Psychedelic mystical experiences reveal real metaphysical truths

Modern clinical trials confirm psychedelics reliably induce mystical experiences with measurable lasting benefits. Whether the experience is 'true' is a separate question.

Related evidence hubs

Related research reports

Related sources