Spiritual Evidence Map
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Meta-analysisprimarysupportsVerified

Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer

Daryl J. Bem, Charles Honorton · 1994 · Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 4-18

Spiritual Evidence Map/Last updated May 10, 2026/Claims v1.0.0-provisional/Sources v1.0.0/Scores provisional
Citation dossier

This source is used as supports evidence across 2 linked claims and 2 related evidence hubs. Its citation record is marked verified; that verifies the source trail, not the truth of any linked claim.

Source type
Meta-analysis
Map role
supports
Claim links
2
Direct access
Recorded

Summary

Classic Psychological Bulletin review arguing that the ganzfeld database had reached replication rates and effect sizes sufficient to warrant wider scientific attention.

How this source is used on the map

A central pro-psi anchor for ganzfeld/free-response claims, especially telepathy-style information transfer under sensory-reduction conditions.

Citation record

Authors
Daryl J. Bem, Charles Honorton
Year
1994
Publication
Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 4-18
Source type
Meta-analysis
Map role
supports
Credibility level
primary
Citation status
Verified
DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.4
PubMed
Not recorded
PDF
Not recorded
Original source →DOI →

Editorial note

Best read together with later skeptical reviews and meta-analyses; the result is important because it is contested, not because it closes the question.

Linked claims

Evidence score 4/10
Clairvoyance

Often subsumed under remote viewing in modern parapsychology. As an everyday claim, very poorly supported.

Evidence score 5/10
Telepathy

Decades of ganzfeld and card studies report small effects at meta-analytic level. Critics argue methodological flaws explain them.

Related evidence hubs

Topic hub
Psi & Anomalous

Lab-tested claims of telepathy, precognition, remote viewing, and PK.

Evidence pillar
Psi / psychic phenomena

Telepathy, precognition, remote viewing, PK.

Related research reports

Synthesis report
Psi and Anomalous Experience Evidence

A balanced synthesis of telepathy, precognition, remote viewing, presentiment, psychokinesis, and skeptical methodological objections.

Related sources

Meta-analysis · supports
Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology

One of the strongest pro-psi statistical summaries published in a mainstream APA journal.

Book · challenges
Anomalistic Psychology: Exploring Paranormal Belief and Experience

Major reference for the sceptical / cognitive-explanation side of psi-style claims.

Skeptical analysis · challenges
Meta-analysis that conceals more than it reveals: Comment on Storm et al. (2010)

Pairs directly with the Storm et al. meta-analysis — the classic skeptical reply in the same journal issue.

Meta-analysis · challenges
Does psi exist? Lack of replication of an anomalous process of information transfer

The classic skeptical replication counterpoint to Bem and Honorton, useful for keeping ganzfeld pages from presenting a one-sided meta-analytic story.

Secondary summary · context
Parapsychology

Useful general-audience anchor for psi-related claims; gives both the field's self-description and the standard sceptical critique.