Philosophy of mind evidence.
Mind–brain relation, qualia, intentionality. This hub collects the relevant claims, strongest and weakest evidence positions, source records, and map/library views for the cluster.
Related research reports
The Evidence for Spiritual Claims: A Careful Overview
A balanced synthesis of the strongest and weakest evidence across afterlife, consciousness, reincarnation, mystical, psi, and practice claims.
Consciousness Beyond the Brain
A comparative guide to materialism, dualism, panpsychism, idealism, filter theories, and consciousness-first interpretations.
Meaning, Fate, and Free Will Evidence
A careful synthesis of free will, determinism, compatibilism, fate, soul contracts, karma, life purpose, suffering, and the claim that everything happens for a reason.
Strongest claims in this topic
Consciousness is produced by the brain (materialism)
The materialist / physicalist view: lesions, drugs, anesthesia, and imaging all show tight brain–mind coupling, and physical mechanism explains an enormous range of phenomena. Why neural activity feels like anything at all remains the open exception.
Déjà vu
About two-thirds of adults report experiencing it. The neurological mechanisms are partly understood; the spiritual interpretations (past lives, glimpsing other timelines) are much larger claims.
Materialism / physicalism
Physical mechanism explains an enormous range of phenomena. The qualitative character of experience is the open exception.
Compatibilism
Free will, properly understood, is compatible with determinism. The dominant view among philosophers in PhilPapers surveys.
The Mandela effect
Large groups remembering the same false detail (Berenstein vs Berenstain, monocled Monopoly Man) is real and follows the well-known mechanics of false memory. The 'parallel universes' reading is unsupported.
Consciousness is fundamental
If consciousness is basic, the 'hard problem' dissolves. The cost is a major break with the standard physicalist picture.
Weakest or most speculative claims
Solipsism — only my mind is certain
The view that only my own mind is certain to exist; everything else might be a projection. Cartesian doubt pushed to its limit.
The universe is conscious
The view that the universe as a whole is conscious — sometimes called cosmopsychism. Distinct from panpsychism (which puts mind in atomic matter) and from idealism (which says reality is mental).
AI systems can be conscious
Behaviour is not evidence of inner experience. We have no detector for consciousness in any system we did not already believe to be conscious.
Libertarian free will
The strong claim that decisions are not fully determined by prior physical causes. Philosophically defended; no demonstrated mechanism.
Key verified sources
A strong neuroscience anchor for the brain-dependence side of the consciousness cluster, while still admitting unresolved problems.
The defining paper for terminal lucidity as a serious clinical phenomenon worth studying.
The single study most often cited as evidence against libertarian free will. Almost every later debate is downstream of it.
A central philosophical challenge to solipsistic pictures of meaning, language, and private experience.
Neural correlates of consciousness: Progress and problems
A strong neuroscience anchor for the brain-dependence side of the consciousness cluster, while still admitting unresolved problems.
Terminal lucidity: A review and a case collection
The defining paper for terminal lucidity as a serious clinical phenomenon worth studying.
Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act
The single study most often cited as evidence against libertarian free will. Almost every later debate is downstream of it.
Private Language
A central philosophical challenge to solipsistic pictures of meaning, language, and private experience.
George Edward Moore
Useful counter-anchor for solipsism because it shows the canonical common-sense reply and its limits.
An accumulator model for spontaneous neural activity prior to self-initiated movement
Major reinterpretation of Libet — important counterweight to popular 'neuroscience disproves free will' framing.
Facing up to the problem of consciousness
The single most-cited critique of pure physicalist accounts of mind.
Guidelines and standards for the study of death and recalled experiences of death
Useful authority source for careful language: it separates recalled experiences of death from broad spiritual conclusions and lays out better future-study standards.
Physicalism
The reference work for what 'physicalism' even means before any empirical question is asked.
Compatibilism
The default canonical reference for what compatibilism actually claims, against which most popular versions are pitched.